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Computer scientists are constantly inventing new programming languages or improving existing ones. These improvements or new languages typically offer some feature that existing languages don’t offer or solve certain types of problems that existing languages do poorly. For example, the C++ language improves upon the C language, whereas the Java language improves upon the C++ language. Perhaps two of the biggest problems with programming involve writing a pro- gram from scratch and modifying an existing program. When you write a program from scratch, you want to write a working program quickly with as few problems as possible. That’s why programming languages include so many built-in commands. The idea is that the more built-in commands available, the fewer commands you’ll need to use to write a program and the shorter and easier your pro- gram will be to write in the first place. In addition, many programming languages include built-in error-checking features to keep you from writing a program that doesn’t work.

With some languages, it’s possible to write commands that work perfectly, but can also crash the computer if you give those commands the wrong type of data. In Book I,  The second half is modifying that program later. When you need to modify an existing pro- gram, you must first understand how that existing program works and then you need to modify it without messing up the existing program commands. To help you understand how a program works, many programming languages let you divide a large program into separate parts.

The theory is that if one part of a program isn’t working or needs to be modified, you can yank out part of the program, rewrite it, and then plug it back into the existing program, much like snapping Lego building blocks together. Finally, all the best tools and the latest programming languages aren’t going to help you unless you know how to use them correctly. That’s why computer scientists are constantly developing new programming techniques that work no matter what tools or language you use. In Book I, Chapter 4, you find out more about the different programming tools computer scientists have created to make programming easier, faster, and more reliable.